A study of the 2 December 2002 (M5.5) Vartholomio (western Peloponnese, Greece) earthquake and of its largest aftershocks     

M 《Tectonophysics》2004,387(1-4):65-79

Broadband data from the Greek National Seismological Network are used to study the moderate size (M5.5) earthquake, which occurred on 2 December 2002 near the town of Vartholomio, in western Peloponnese (Greece). Time domain moment tensor inversion applied to retrieve the focal mechanism of the mainshock and of three of the larger aftershocks of the sequence, revealed almost pure strike-slip faulting along NW–SE or NE–SW trending nodal planes. The relative source time functions for the mainshock, obtained from an empirical Green's function analysis, do not reveal any clear directivity to any of the stations. A careful observer might suggest directivity towards NW, if any. Optimum values are 0.4 s for the rise time and 2.7 km/s for the rupture velocity. The spatial and temporal distribution of fault slip showed that the major part of the resolved slip occurred beneath the mainshock's epicenter, 20 km underneath the western coast of Peloponnese. This probably accounts for the considerable damage observed to the nearby towns. The resolution between the two nodal planes does not permit an identification of the fault plane; however the statistics on the slip distribution model, the preliminary analysis of aftershock locations and macroseismic data favour the NW–SE trending plane as the fault plane, which is connected with sinistral strike-slip motions. These are the first implications for sinistral strike-slip motions in this area and more data are needed in the future to get more reliable resolution of the motions.  相似文献   

东秦岭内部铁炉子断裂带的最新走滑活动   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

杨晓平  邓起东  冯希杰 《中国地震》2005,21(2):172-183

通过对东秦岭内部铁炉子断裂错断晚更新世以来形成的水系位移测量和阶地砾石层的年代学研究，得到铁炉子断裂距今10万年以来的左旋位移约为125m，活动速率约为1．25mm／a。距今0．20～0．25Ma的中更新世中期以来的左旋滑动速率为3．0～3．75mm／a。估算出东秦岭地区活动断裂系左旋活动速率约为2．25～4．75mm／a，它大致反映了中晚第四纪华南与鄂尔多斯、华北平原活动地块向东滑动速率的差异。  相似文献   

Late Quaternary deformation and slip rates in the northern San Andreas fault zone at Olema Valley, Marin County, California     

Karen Grove  Tina M. Niemi 《Tectonophysics》2005,401(3-4):231-250

Quaternary sedimentary deposits along the structural depression of the San Andreas fault (SAF) zone north of San Francisco in Marin County provide an excellent record of rates and styles of neotectonic deformation in a location near where the greatest amount of horizontal offset was measured after the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. A high-resolution gravity survey in the Olema Valley was used to determine the depth to bedrock and the thickness of sediment fill along and across the SAF valley. In the gravity profile across the SAF zone, Quaternary deposits are offset across the 1906 fault trace and truncated by the Western and Eastern Boundary faults, whose youthful activity was previously unknown. The gravity profile parallel to the fault valley shows a basement surface that slopes northward toward an area of present-day subsidence near the head of Tomales Bay. Surface and subsurface investigations of the late Pleistocene Olema Creek Formation (Qoc) indicate that this area of subsidence was located further south during deposition of the Qoc and that it has migrated northward since then. Localized subsidence has been replaced by localized contraction that has produced folding and uplift of the Qoc. This apparent alternation between transtension and transpression may be the result of a northward-diverging fault geometry of fault strands that includes the valley-bounding faults as well as the 1906 SAF trace. The Vedanta marsh is a smaller example of localized subsidence in the fault zone, between the 1906 SAF trace and the Western Boundary fault. Analyses of Holocene marsh sediments in cores and a paleoseismic trench indicate thickening, and probably tilting, toward the 1906 trace, consistent with coseismic deformation observed at the site following the 1906 earthquake.New age data and offset sedimentary and geomorphic features were used to calculate four late Quaternary slip rate estimates for the SAF at this latitude. Luminescence dates of 112–186 ka for the middle part of the Olema Creek Formation (Qoc), the oldest Quaternary deposit in this part of the valley, suggest a late Pleistocene slip rate of 17–35 mm/year, which replaces the unit to a position adjacent to its sediment source area. A younger alluvial fan deposit (Qqf; basal age 30 ka) is exposed in a quarry along the medial ridge of the fault valley. This fan deposit has been truncated on its western side by dextral SAF movement, and west-side-down vertical movement that has created the Vedanta marsh. Paleocurrent measurements, clast compositions, sediment facies distributions, and soil characteristics show that the Bear Valley Creek drainage, now located northwest of the site, supplied sediment to the fan, which is now being eroded. Restoration of the drainage to its previous location provides an estimated slip rate of 25 mm/year. Furthermore, the Bear Valley Creek drainage probably created a water gap located north of the Qqf deposit during the last glacial maximum 18 ka. The amount of offset between the drainage and the water gap yields an average slip rate of 21–30 mm/year. Finally, displacement of a 1000-year-old debris lobe approximately 20 m from its hillside hollow along the medial ridge indicates a minimum late Holocene slip rate of 21–25 mm/year. Similarity of the late Pleistocene rates to the Holocene slip rate, and to previous rates obtained in paleoseismic trenches in the area, indicates that the rates may not have changed over the past 30 ka, and perhaps the past 200–400 ka. Stratigraphic and structural observations also indicate that valley-bounding faults were active in the late Pleistocene and suggest the need for further study to evaluate their continued seismic potential.  相似文献   

Modelling the heat pulses generated on a fault plane during coseismic slip: Inferences from the pseudotachylites of the Copanello cliffs (Calabria, Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Caggianelli  S. de Lorenzo  G. Prosser 《Tectonophysics》2005,405(1-4):99-119

A pseudotachylite vein network crosscutting late Hercynian foliated tonalites can be observed along the Copanello cliffs (Calabria, Southern Italy). Pseudotachylites formed during the Oligocene–Miocene at intermediate crustal levels (ca. 10 km). They show variable thickness ranging from few mm up to 10 cm, as observed in injection veins branching from the fault plane. Microscopic observations indicate that pseudotachylite matrix mainly consists of plagioclase (An₄₆–An₅₈) and biotite microlites. Rounded clasts of quartz, plagioclase or of plagioclase–quartz lithic fragments are disseminated in the matrix. Intergranular, flow and spherulitic textures are commonly observed. Microstructural features are consistent with rapid crystallisation from melt. EDS analyses of rare and tiny glass veins indicated a trachyandesite or An₅₀ plagioclase melt composition.The conditions for pseudotachylite formation were reproduced by an analytical model taking into account the heat released by friction along a horizontal fault plane during a seismic event. The model is based on a three-stage rupture history that includes nucleation, propagation and stopping. In addition, by means of a numerical approach, the model reproduces cooling that follows the stopping stage.According to previous studies, the thermal perturbation induced by fault displacement is very intense. In fact, temperatures exceeding the tonalite and even An₅₀ plagioclase liquidus (1470 °C) are reproduced by small amount of slip (≤ 6 cm) in suprahydrostatic regime. On the other hand, the thermal perturbation is strongly localised and of short duration. Peak temperatures abruptly decrease at a short distance from the fault plane (typically in few millimetres). In these conditions a thin film of melt can be produced. Therefore, the presence of cm-scale pseudotachylite veins can be only explained assuming an efficient and fast melt migration towards dilatant sites, such as pull-apart structures and injections veins. Results of the model may be useful to predict the thermal disturbance produced by earthquakes of low intensity.  相似文献   

不连续滑动面演化过程的力学分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘钧  曹京 《工程地质学报》1998,6(4):333-339

本文从工程地质中节理连通率的概念出发, 对有一组节理非常发育的不连续岩体建立了力学模型并推导了计算公式, 进而对边坡潜在滑动面在静水压力作用下从节理错动到岩桥剪断、从局部破裂到整体滑动逐步演化成滑动面的全过程进行了数值模拟和力学分析, 得到了有参考价值的结论。  相似文献   

攀西地区活断层研究(英文)     

唐荣昌  黄祖智 《地震研究》1988,(5)

本文根据攀西地区活断层长期滑动速率及历史上最大地震震级上限,把攀西地区的活断层划分为A、B、C三级,并对区内几条主要活断层的近代活动特征进行了较全面的研究。指出第四纪断裂活动沿断裂带在空间上和时间上是有明显的分段性和不均匀性,断裂上的位移是以一种地震构造上的脉冲形式出现的,地震与晚更新世、全新世和现代断裂活动在空间上和成因上有密切的联系。  相似文献   

对流凝结加热的垂直分布与低纬大气的30～60天低频振荡          下载免费PDF全文

薛洪斌  钟中  薛峰 《热带气象学报》2003,19(4):397-404

运用一个包含Wave-CISK机制的斜压半地转8层模式和本征函数展开方法，研究了三种不同的对流凝结加热廓线对低纬大气的30—60天低频振荡的影响。研究表明，不同的加热廓线分布时30～60天低频振荡具有不同的相速和周期，并且低频振荡特征相速的量级都是o(10m／s)，由Wave-CISK机制激发的低频CISK—Kelvin波和CISK—Rossby波都是稳定的。同时，还进一步揭示了不同加热廓线对低纬大气30～60天低频振荡垂直结构的影响。  相似文献   

Filtrate Quality from Different Filter Operations     

Robert I. Mackie  Micha&#x; Zielina  Wojciech Dabrowski 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2003,31(1):25-35

A brief review of the literature on filtrate quality obtained in constant and variable declining rate operation systems is presented, with the general conclusion that both systems usually produce filtrate of similar quality, assuming the flow‐rate controllers in the constant flow rate system operate properly. A mathematical model of CR (constant rate) filters and VDR (variable declining rate) filters based on the model by Mackie and Zhao (1999) has been described and used to investigate filtrate quality under different operating conditions. A similar quality of filtrate was achieved in computations carried out for both modes of operation, while the total head loss was much lower in the VDR mode. For the same time of filter runs slightly better filtration quality resulted from CR operation, but for different filter runs resulting from the same head loss of flow just before a backwash, the VDR control system produced lower turbidity filtrate.  相似文献   

Dislocation generation, slip systems, and dynamic recrystallization in experimentally deformed plagioclase single crystals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. Stünitz  J. D. Fitz Gerald  J. Tullis 《Tectonophysics》2003,372(3-4):215-233

Three samples of gem quality plagioclase crystals of An60 were experimentally deformed at 900 °C, 1 GPa confining pressure and strain rates of 7.5–8.7×10⁻⁷ s⁻¹. The starting material is effectively dislocation-free so that all observed defects were introduced during the experiments. Two samples were shortened normal to one of the principal slip planes (010), corresponding to a “hard” orientation, and one sample was deformed with a Schmid factor of 0.45 for the principal slip system [001](010), corresponding to a “soft” orientation. Several slip systems were activated in the “soft” sample: dislocations of the [001](010) and 110(001) system are about equally abundant, whereas 110{111} and [101] in ( 31) to ( 42) are less common. In the “soft” sample plastic deformation is pervasive and deformation bands are abundant. In the “hard” samples the plastic deformation is concentrated in rims along the sample boundaries. Deformation bands and shear fractures are common. Twinning occurs in close association with fracturing, and the processes are clearly interrelated. Glissile dislocations of all observed slip systems are associated with fractures and deformation bands indicating that deformation bands and fractures are important sites of dislocation generation. Grain boundaries of tiny, defect-free grains in healed fracture zones have migrated subsequent to fracturing. These grains represent former fragments of the fracture process and may act as nuclei for new grains during dynamic recrystallization. Nucleation via small fragments can explain a non-host-controlled orientation of recrystallized grains in plagioclase and possibly in other silicate materials which have been plastically deformed near the semi-brittle to plastic transition.  相似文献   

Iron oxide precipitate in seepage of groundwater from a landslide slip zone   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Guodong Zheng  Yuhua Lang  M. Miyahara  T. Nozaki  T. Haruaki 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(8):1455-1464

Orange precipitate was collected at the mouth of groundwater drainage tubes from the Kumanashi Landslide slip zone in Toyama prefecture, Northwest Japan. Data from XRF, X-ray diffraction, and Mössbauer spectroscopy determined the precipitate as hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) bearing multi-elements such as phosphorous, silica, calcium, etc. The occurrence of HFO may indicate an oxidation of ferrous iron in the percolated groundwater from the slip zone. Moreover, the precipitate iron should be mobilized with groundwater circulation from the slip zone, whose reducing condition was determined by the iron speciation on the same type of landslide profiles within the study area in previous studies. The HFO precipitate may be considered as a secondary reliable indicator to locate the seepage of a slip zone on surface, especially for a landslide newly investigated under wet-warm climate.  相似文献